They include cellulose, the most abundant natural polymer found in trees and plants, as well as starch, proteins like collagen and gelatine, and natural rubber. Macromolecule have shown great potential as replacements for petroleum-based plastics.

Types of Biopolymers

There are four main types of macromolecule: polysaccharides, proteins, polyesters and natural rubber. Let's explore each in more detail:

Polysaccharides: Biopolymers These include cellulose, starch and chitin. Cellulose is the most prolific organic polymer and is incredibly strong yet flexible. It is the main component of plant cell walls and used to produce biodegradablecellophane. Starch is a major energy store in plants and raw material for bioplastics. Chitin is another structural polysaccharide found in exoskeletons of arthropods like crustaceans.

Proteins: Collagen, silk, gelatin and gluten are some common proteins used in bioplastics. Collagen is the main protein found in skin, tendons and bones. It is used to make edible films and coatings. Silk produced by silkworms is one of the strongest natural fibers due to crystalline regions and hydrogen bonding. Gelatin is derived from animal proteins like collagen and used as a gelling agent and film former.

Polyesters: Polylactic acid (PLA) is a widely used biodegradable thermoplastic polyester made from corn or sugar beet starch. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) like polyhydroxybutyrate are produced by bacteria as intracellular energy reserves and have similar material properties to petroleum-based plastics.

Natural Rubber: Isoprene units of natural rubber give it elastic properties crucial for products like tires, gloves and condoms. Gutta-percha, a solid form of natural rubber extracted from trees, has insulating properties valued in electrical applications.

Advantages of Macromolecule

Renewability and Biodegradability

Most macromolecule come from renewable plant and animal sources unlike petroleum-based polymers. Macromolecule can also biodegrade without harming the environment as microbes readily break them down. This offers more environmentally sustainable solutions for plastic pollution problems faced worldwide.

Customizable Properties

Properties of macromolecule like mechanical strength, flexibility, optical properties and resistance to UV light degradation can be improved and customized through blend formulations, chemical modifications and composite reinforcements. Thus they mimic both commodity and engineering plastics.

Large Scale Availability

Advancements in fermentation technologies, biomass refining techniques and genetic engineering now enable commercial-scale production of many macromolecule like PLA, PHAs and bio-nylons without relying on food crops. This ensures consistent, cost competitive supply to support widespread applications.

Applications of Macromolecule

Biodegradable Mulches

Biopolymer films made from starch, cellulose and PLA serve as environmentally friendly mulching materials in agriculture. They decompose back into soil nutrients after crops are harvested, avoiding waste from plastic mulches.

Food Packaging

Edible films and coating produced from collagen, polysaccharides and lipids provide greener alternatives to petroleum-derived food packaging. PLA is also injection molded into clamshell containers, cups and cutlery.

Textiles

Fibers from natural polymers like silk, chitosan, microcrystalline cellulose and polymeric protein are spun into biodegradable textiles. Blends with synthetic fibers enhance mechanical properties and manufacturing aspect.

Medical Devices

Resorbable sutures, scaffolds, implants and tissue engineering matrices exploit tailored degradation profiles of collagen, elastin, fibrin, hyaluronic acid and PLA to facilitate wound healing and regeneration processes in the body.

With the advantages of renewability, biodegradability as well as customizability, macromolecule represent a new frontier in materials science that can effectively replace petroleum-derived synthetic polymers in diverse applications. Rapid technological progress in refining biomass resources provides promising outlook for future large scale, cost-effective commercial production of sustainable, biodegradable polymers from natural sources for use across industries. Ongoing research also aims to develop bio-based polymeric composites and blends to combine advantages of different natural and synthetic polymers.

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Ravina Pandya, Content Writer, has a strong foothold in the market research industry. She specializes in writing well-researched articles from different industries, including food and beverages, information and technology, healthcare, chemical and materials, etc. (https://www.linkedin.com/in/ravina-pandya-1a3984191)